The human genome project along with the emerging novel genome technologies has taught us that not only Mendelian-inherited rare diseases but also common diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease, “the big four” major causes of death in humans) are tightly related with our genetic make-up. This knowledge and the rapid progress in the field of genetics and genomics in recent years has not only radically impacted the science of medicine and its implementation but has changed paradigms in health sciences. Neurological diseases, pertaining to our brain and nerves, are the most complex and challenging disease groups genetics has encountered, on the other hand, these diseases constitute the best models for genetics. The young and highly complex discipline of neuroscience, still in development and exponential progress, is one of the fastest rising stars of biomedical research.